Shock and dismay!
Another bad book about grain
elevators has been published!
Under the
heading “Acknowledgements,” David W. Tarbet, the author of Grain Dust Dreams (SUNY Press, 2015), says,
I have depended on
others who have written about Buffalo and its elevators. Reyner Banham’s A Concrete Atlantis (1986) is the
classic book on the architecture of Buffalo elevators. It has inspired others
to think and write about the subject, including William J. Brown in his book American Colossus: The Grain Elevator, 1843
to 1943 (2009) and all of the contributors to Reconsidering Concrete Atlantis: Buffalo Grain Elevators, edited by
Lynda H. Schneekloth (2006). Francis Kowsky has written about, and lectured on,
the history of grain elevators in Buffalo. I thank “Frank” Kowsky, Lynda
Schneekloth, Rick Smith, Jim Watkins, and all of the others who took time to
talk to me about the Buffalo elevators. I should also acknowledge Timothy Bohen’s
book Against the Grain (2012) for
teaching me about ‘scoopers’ and the people of Buffalo’s First Ward.
In case anyone is interested, Mr.
Tarbet never contacted either William J. Brown or Colossal Books, the publisher
of American Colossus: The Grain Elevator.
No matter. One would think from the statements above that the author of Grain Dust Dreams made no use of the
contents of that book, which was, it appears, simply one of those “inspired” by
Reyner Banham’s book. This impression is confirmed by chapter 8 of Tarbet’s
book, which either mentions or contains interviews with prominent authorities
in the field: William Clarkson, Reyner Banham, Rick Smith, Jim Watkins and
Lynda Schneekloth. William J. Brown is not mentioned.
But
when one reads the book itself, one finds that Mr. Tarbet – whose book includes
neither footnotes nor a bibliography – has in fact made extensive and
completely unacknowledged use of Mr. Brown’s book. For example, American Colossus is certainly the
source of Mr. Tarbet’s assertion that “In 1847, grain elevators were built in
Toledo, Ohio, and Brooklyn, New York” (compare pp. 9-10 in Grain Dust Dreams and p. 121 in American
Colossus). This failure to properly cite Mr. Brown’s work is compounded by
the fact that Mr. Tarbet fails to mention that these pioneering grain elevators
were in fact “floaters” (boats that had grain elevators installed upon them),
nor that floaters were crucial to the functioning and development of the grain
trade all through the 19th century. But in comparison to the
deprivation of a scholar of proper credit for his work, the deprivation of one’s
readers of the beauty and mystery of the subject at hand – Mr. Tarbet also
fails to inform his readers that, after the 1880s, many elevators in Buffalo
had “loose legs” (buildings on wheels!)
– is a much more serious matter.
A
truly impoverished work, riddled with factual errors, misunderstandings, and
self-contradictions, and completely uncritical of the ideas relayed to its
author by various “official” sources (politicians, academics and businessmen), Grain Dust Dreams, for example, claims
that in 1828 “every bushel of bulk grain” was shipped “one barrel at a time”
and that the “manual method of unloading grain” was “barrel by barrel,” when
the facts are that only flour was
shipped in barrels; grain was shipped in sealed burlap sacks; and “bulk grain”
wasn’t shipped until after grain
elevators had been built in the 1840s, because only they could accommodate –
they were in fact built to accommodate – grain shipped in bulk.
Grain Dust Dreams (GDD) also minimizes
the role of the engineer, designer and grain-elevator builder Robert Dunbar,
whose “engineering talent” was somehow “recognized” by Joseph Dart, the
ostensible creator of the pioneering Dart Elevator (p. 8). According to Mr.
Tarbet, it was Dart who “engaged” Dunbar in “his [Dart’s] elevator-building
project” (ibid). But before entering
the grain business, which he left in the
1850s, Joseph Dart was a hat salesman. Before meeting Dart, Robert Dunbar
had already built flourmills and elevators in Black Rock, New York (not
mentioned by Mr. Tarbet; cf. American
Colossus, pp. 109-110), and, afterwards, Dunbar went on to design and built
grain elevators (including the miraculous “loose legs” mentioned above) for the
rest of his life.
GDD
insists on saying like things like “the elevator [built in 1891 by the Canadian
Pacific railway] looked very much like Dart’s elevator in Buffalo” (p. 15) and
“Dart’s elevator functioned like a terminal elevator but looked like a larger
version of a country elevator” (p. 19), when, in point of fact, there are no contemporary images of the Dart
Elevator in the 1840s, only “reconstructions” and “artists’ renderings” of what
it might have looked like.
GDD
insists that a terminal elevator in Thunder Bay “wasn’t built to hold grain,
but to send it on” (p. 18), which is such a stupid remark that even its author
contradicts it several times: “if you have to store large amounts of grain,”
there are “rows of concrete bins” (p. 28); “usually, the stored grain will be
held in its bin until the time comes to ship it” (p. 41); and “Whitebox is a
commodities futures company that buys and holds grain for future sale when the
markets are right” (p. 79). Yes, indeed: this is why the Dart Elevator’s
official name was the Dart Transshipping and Storage Warehouse. But
“transshipping” is a word that doesn’t appear anywhere in Mr. Tarbet’s book,
nor does an explanation of how grain futures work.
GDD
insists (way too strenuously) that the Grand Trunk Pacific Elevator built
between 1908 and 1910 in Thunder Bay was “the apotheosis of concrete elevator
building” (p. 22), “a fully realized model for all elevators in the future” (p.
23) and “the finished form of the modern concrete elevator and the model of all
elevators to come” (p. 25). But scholars – real
scholars, I mean: people like Robert M. Frame III – have shown that the years
between 1906 and 1912 represented a period in which reinforced concrete was
mastered, and the years 1912 to 1928 a period in which this building material
was widely accepted. While the Grand Trunk Pacific Elevator was indeed a
significant elevator, it certainly didn’t end or exhaust the on-going
experimentation with reinforced concrete as a building material in elevator
construction, nor was it the “model” for “all” the elevators built between 1912
and 1928, because, on the one hand, elevators are not designed and built according to reproducible “models” but very
particular needs and circumstances in which “models” are useless and, on the
other hand, an elevator built during the period of widespread acceptance (the
Marine A in Buffalo, for example, built in 1925) would make a better example of
the “apotheosis” of grain elevators built out of concrete.
But
Mr. Tarbet isn’t very interested in the Marine A. He tells us that Beth Tauke,
“the associate dean of the School of Architecture and Planning at the
University of Buffalo and an enthusiast for the preservation of the Buffalo
grain elevators,” “knows Marine A well and has brought her students and
enthusiasts to the elevator many times,” but relays none of the information presumably relayed by Dean Tauke to her
students and fellow enthusiasts. We don’t find out who designed it, who built
it, when it was built, why it was built, or how long it operated. Mr. Tarbet
states that its “walls were dotted with graffiti images and slogans by urban
adventurers who had visited after the elevator had been abandoned” (p. 86),
without saying anything specific about those “images and slogans” or without
imagining that some of those “images” (for example: the very accurate and
colorful chalk drawing of the Standard Elevator, built in 1928 across the creek
from the Marine A) might have been created by the people who worked there while
the elevator was still in operation.
Tired
of this list of embarrassments? I am, too. And so, let me conclude this
“review” with something Mr. Tarbet says: “It is easy to do a roll call of
elevators that have disappeared from the landscapes of Buffalo and Thunder Bay”
(p. 75). Yes, it is easy to find a
list of all the elevators ever built in Buffalo (those that have disappeared,
as well as those that still stand), but not in Grain Dust Dreams, which contains no such list. But there’s one in American Colossus (pp. 412-416) and
nowhere else.
William J. Brown
6 August 2015
P.S. Contacted via Facebook, Mr.
Tarbet was sent the following message:
We have been sent a copy
of your book Grain Dust Dreams. We
note that, though you rather offhandedly mention our title, William J. Brown, American Colossus: the Grain Elevator
1843-1943 (Colossal Books, 2009), your book is full of items that you
obviously took from it – they appear nowhere else in the literature. The
reference to Wilhelm Worringer, for example. We just can’t understand why you
would do such a thing, or why your editors and publishers would allow you to do
it, which suggests that you did this research yourself, instead of finding it
in a book that you mention but don’t properly credit.
His response was as follows.
William Brown’s book American Colossus is a fine book and I
recommend it to serious students of grain elevators. Grain Dust Dreams may seem like elevator-light beside it. It is a
trade book without footnotes. Perhaps because it is published by a university
press you imagined it was more academic. It isn’t and wasn’t meant to be. Brown’s
book is included in my acknowledgments and I hope others will find their way to
it from there. I wish the book continued success.
Not satisfied with this, we told him,
These are fine sentiments,
and I as the book’s publisher certainly thank you for them, but I don’t believe
that they answer the objections being raised. Your book is certainly a work of
nonfiction, and it mostly relates historical facts and events. The absence of
both footnotes and a bibliography in such a work is a real puzzle, especially
in a book from SUNY Press. (Last time I checked, SUNY referred to a university
system.). In the absence of these basic features of scholarly research and
plausible historical exposition, greater attention is brought to bear on the
acknowledgements, which in point of fact only mentions Brown’s book as one of
two “inspired” by Reyner Banham but not as one of the works you personally
consulted for ideas and facts. The Worringer mention as it turns out is not the
best example of you passing Brown’s work off as your own: the best example is
your reference to the elevators built in 1847 in Toledo and Brooklyn, which are
facts that appear nowhere else in the literature than Brown’s book. Your acknowledgements
refer to people “who took time to talk to me about the Buffalo elevators.” But
the absence of Brown from this group of people was YOUR doing, not his. You
never tried to contact him.
At that point, for some strange reason, Mr. Tarbet
stopped responding and, in fact, broke off the connection.
